Page 287 - Airpower in 20th Century - Doctrines and Employment

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tHe soutH afriCan air forCe: HistoriCal notes and involvement in tHe korean war

top gear and with the commencement of the FEAF airfield neutralization programme
North Korea and her allies began to make peace overtures (see Map 1).

Cost in Men and Material

The UN pilots face quite a challenge as their opponents were determined to pro-
tect supply routes, supply dumps and airfields from air attack. Besides excellent
camouflage techniques, they also employed a heavy anti-aircraft screen and in May
1951 FEAF intelligence officers plotted the positions of 252 anti-aircraft guns and
673 automatic weapons. The anti-aircraft gun positions were fixed, but a major dan-
ger along the main supply routes was posed by truck-towed 37mm Soviet M-1939
54
automatic weapons (effective against targets up to 1 400m). Test flights that UN
forces did against own forces anti-aircraft batteries revealed the extreme vulnerabil-
ity of the wingman in the two aircraft low-level reconnaissance while searching for
targets. After these tests 18 Fighter-Bomber Wing (including 2 Sqn) changed their
armed reconnaissance tactics in an effort to avoid further losses. Now, only the flight
leader flew at 100m looking for targets of opportunity, while the remaining three
aircraft covered him against flak from 1200m. 55
Between 22 April and 24 June 1951, 2 Sqn lost five aircraft as a direct result
of enemy ground fire and three to accidents, while eight were damaged in action.
Pilot casualties amounted to three killed (two in accidents) and four wounded. One
pilot listed as missing in action (MIA) was later found to be a prisoner of war. The
Mustang’s liquid cooled engine also made it particularly vulnerable to ground fire.
This factor combined with the fact that Chinese regiments had an air defence com-
pany armed with Soviet 12,7mm machine guns (very effective against low-flying
aircraft) increased the operational hazard. On 29 April Capt Kotze’s aircraft was hit
in the engine by automatic fire while attacking enemy troops dug in along a ridge
north of Seoul. His leader, Lt I. Gow, strafed and silenced the gun position, receiving
56
a bullet through the wing in the process. On 30 April Lt P. Celliers led four aircraft
on a bombing mission against a railway tunnel on the line between Sinmak and
Kumchon. Taking off from K-10 at 08h40 they bombed the tunnel with 500lb G.P.
bombs and then split up into two elements to search for secondary targets. At 10h15
Celliers’ aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire about 20km to the east of the original
target. He baled out of the burning aircraft almost immediately. His wingman, Lt
G.G. Paterson, alerted rescue and also re-assembled the original flight, leading it and
another 2 Sqn flight to Celliers until he was rescued by helicopter. Celliers finally

54
Futrell, et al., United States Air Force in Korea, p. 307.
55
Ibid., p. 306; and Republic of Korea, History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War, Vol.
1, p. 421.
56
SAMAD, War Dairies (Korea), Box 14, Debriefing Forms SAAF220, 29 April 1951.