Page 605 - 1992 - XVIII Congresso Internazionale di Storia Militare

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THJò U.S, ARMY 1\Ntl AMPHIBIOUS WAAJ'Ali.E
mucb of rhcir o·wn cime co professional developmem, which ofcen included th~ scudy of milimry
history. While assigned co tbe Hawaiian Department in lhe mid-1930s, Colone! George S. Pat·
tou. ]r., reviewed lhe deiense of che islands and irs vulnerabilicy co Japaoese an:ack. This led
him inro an cxhausrive srudy of lhe Gallipoli campaign of 1915 and amphìbious operarions.
from which he drew numerous lessons on the planning and condua of such operarions. This
knowledgr was subsequencly put tO good usc as commander ofthe Wescern Task Force of'Torch"
and then for the invasi o n ofSicily, Opera:tion "Husky" . Sec M. Blumenson. Tht Palltm PaptrJ,
1885-1940. Boston, Houghton Miffijn, 1972, voi l, p. 997-1001.
(2) V .E. Davis, The Hiuory o/tl;t}omr Chiefs o/Sra/fia WOf'!d War Il: Organi%atio11al Dtllflop-
mmJ. voi l: Origin ofrht}oint and Comlmud Chiifs ofSta!J, Washington, D.C., Historical Division,
)CS, 1972, p. 5-6, 22-26.
(3) The Joiot Board,Joinr Action o/the Army and r& Na<'J. JB n. 350, WashingtOn, D.C.,
U.S.G.P.O., 1935. See especially chapcer VI. "joinc Overseas Expedirions", p. 69-112, which
largely reprinted the previously publishedjaini Ovt:rJtaJ Expu/irùnu. Copy in the Library, U.S.
Army Cemer of Milimry Hisrory, Washington, D.C. (hereafier USAC:."YfH). Vice Ad mirai G.C.
Dycr, USN Recired. Tht AmphibianJ Canuta Omq11u: Tht Swry o/ J\dmìral Ri;hm&od K..lly Titr11er
Washiogcon. D . C~ Deparcment of tbc Navy, 197 t , p. 2l3·214; Colone l A. T. Mason, USMC,
}CS Spedal Monograph an Amphibio«J Warfart (l}npublis&d Drafi), chaprer 1: ·· Amphihious Warfa.re
bc.fore World War n•·, p. 16-23, File HRC 451.94 "Arnphibious Wad3rc before \VW Il",
cn Hiscorical Records Branch, USACMH.
(4) V.E. Davis, op. <ir., voi L. p. 25-26.
(5) A.T. Mason, op. rir., chapter L. p. 16-25.
(6) V.E. Davis, paJJim; A. T . Mason. op. rir., chaprer IU, "More Domestic Affairs Com-
mand", p, 1-15; and chapter t, p. 44-53, 7072. Tbe provisions of}11int AotiM concerning com-
mand of joinc Army-Navy operatioos spccilied either coordinacion th.tough "unicy of command"
or ''limiced uniry of command", witb comrnand ''es.ted in the se.rvice with "paumounr incercsr".
The P resident could also direcr "uniry of command'" •n the O)>C'ration. Moreover, numerous
caveacs. especially in chapre< l. para 4c, prevenced one se<vice from infringing GD the basic
interem, funcrions, and ope.racions of the othe.r. l.n Chaoge 2 of 1938. coordiruuion was a1cered
10 piace prefcreace on coordinarion dlrough "murual cooperarion", with "uniry of command""
as the aJ(ernace mcchod. In essence, mucual cooperacion resulred in linle coordinaùon or cooper-
ation. le was judged to be cesponsible for much cf che lack of Arrny-Nzvy wordinarinn in Hawaii
rhat played such a prominem role in the succcss oftheJapanese anack o n Pcarl Harbor. Mutu-.
al cooperarion was quickly scr.apped thereairu and rop!aced ,.-irh uniry of comlllli.Dd in major
coatinemal defcnse and oversea commands. See Joint Board.joi111 Acrio11 , op. ;h .. chaprer Il:
"The Principles Governing Coordination of Operar.ions of the Anny an d of lhe Na>oy", p. 5-l O;
Change 2 roJCA, chaprer 11, 30 November 19'38: S. Co=- R. Engelman -13. Fairchild, Guard-
ing r& Unired Startrand lu Oulf>OJIS, Washington, D.C .. OCMH. 1964. p. 2.t-22. t6l-1 73, 203-206.
(7} lLM. Leighro n -R. \Y/. Coakley, G/Dhal LDgiJtia and Strattgy 1~194:3 \Y/ashingcon,
D.C., OCMH, 1955. p. 60-65; A.T. Mason. Dp. rir .. chapter l, p. 26-43. 64-74, 76.
(8) K.R. Greenfìeld - R.R. 'Palmer · .B.I. Wiley, T"' Organiurion o/ Ground Cqmbar Troop.r,
Washingron, D.C., Historic:al Division. U .S. Army. 1947. p. 85-86.
(9) J-A. tscly - P.A. Crowl. TIM Uniud Sraw Marina and Amphi~iour War: III Tiltory. tmd
IIJ Prarli<t in th• Parijìr, Pclnceton, NJ., 'Princeton Univ~rsiry Pren , 195 t , p. 14-7 1 pPJJim.;