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26 HAROLD LANGLEY

(3) James A. Field, America and the Mediterranean World, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969), p.
54-57; U.S. Navy Department, Barbary \Vars, VI, 501-502.
(4) Symonds, Navalists and Antinavalists, p. 134-191; Field, America and the Mediterranean
WfWid, p. 64-69; 104-105.
(5) Field, America and the Mediterranean World, p. 105-113; Chauncey to the Governor of
Minorca, January 22, 1817; Chauncey to George Erving, U.S. Minister to Spain, March 14,
1817; Chauncey to Captain John Shaw, January 22, 1817; Chauncey to Captain Charles Ste-
wart,January 31, 1818, Isaac Chauncey Letterbook, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
(6) Stewart to Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson, June 1819, Area File, U.S. Navy
Records Collections, Microcopy M-625, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
(7) Thomas B'rown CO the Secretary of the Navy, May 4, 1820, Area File, M-625; Secreta-
ry Smith Thompson to CaptainJones, September 15, 1821, Letters to Officers, Ships of War,
M-149; CaptainJones to Thompson, November 26, 1821, Area File, M-621, National Archives.
(8) Field, America and the Mediterranean World, p. 108-110.
(9) Enoch C. Wines, Two Years anda Half in the Navy: or journal of a Cruise in the Mediterra-
nean and Levant. 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1832), I, 116-117.
(10) SeebertJ. Goldowsky, Yankee Surgeon: The Life and Times of Ushur Parsons, 1788-1968
(Boston, 1988), p. 122-139.
(11) Philip A. Jordan, "Naval Surgeon in Paris, 1835-1836", Annals of Medical History, 3d
series, 2 (1940): 526-536; 3 (1941): 73-81. For background on civilian American doctors who
studied in Paris see Russell M. )ones, "American Doctors and the Parisian Medical World,
1830-1840", Bul/etinoftheHistoryofmedicine, 47 (197}): 40-65, 177-204;John HarleyWarner,
"Selective Transport of Medical Knowledge", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 59 ( 198 5 ): 213-2 31;
and Warner's "Remembering Paris," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 65 (1991): 301-325.
( 12) Charles S. F olcz, Surgeon of the Seas: The Adventurous Life of Surgeon General ]onathan M.
Foltz in the Days of Wooden Ship, (lndianapolis, 1931), p. 102-107; Field, America and the Mediter-
ranean \VfWid, p. 210-213. The hospital was closed in late September 1845 along with the rest
of the base, but the diplomats continued to discuss the possibility of reopening it for almost
three years after this. Surgeon Forz published The Endemic Influence of Evil Government; Illustrated
in a View of the Climate, Topography and Disease of the Island of MinfWca, ... New York, 1843.
(13) Howard R. Marraro, "Spezia: An American Naval Base, 1848-1868", Military Af
. fairs, VII (1943): p. 202-208.
(14) William N. Still, "Mediterranean, The U.S. Naval Bases, 1800-1917", in United States
Navy and Marine Corps Bases. Overseas, edited by Paolo E. Colecta and K.Jack Bauer. (Westport,
Conn., 1985), p. 204.